Anatomy+&+Physiology+Notes

9/30:
Humans are a liquid being w/ solid elements. Atomic structure - physical laws that govern are the same principles that control how we orbit the sun, but gravity isn't understood "valance"=capacity to bond It is a constant expenditure of energy to stay as an organized being - according to laws we should fly into bits

Electrolytes are salts: Na+, Cl-, K+, PO4- Acids donate hydrogen+ (proton=hydrogen atom) Bases accept hydrogen+ (hydroxyl ion=IH-) Acids and bases mixed together=water plus a salt This is how we left the sea - salty blood Basis of body electric:nerves and muscles as conductive tissue

Carbohydrates: C, H2, O -membrane communication, energy, structural stability, part of RNA/DNA

Proteins: Structure: always contain N group & COOH (carboxyl) Function: enzymes, structures, receptors on cell membrane, hormones, some energy ALL ENZYMES are proteins 20 basic amino acids, 10 are essential Body can convert proteins into glucose

Lipids: Structure: free fat, triglyceride or phospholipids Function: provides 70% of body energy, all membranes, basis of steroid hormones and cholesterol Saturated= good fuel by betaoxidation (more than 2x ATP of proteins/carbs) Unsaturated= good for membranes

Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribose = 5 carbon sugar+ Purine and Pyrimide=nitrogen base Purines have 2 rings (A,G) Pyrimides have 1 ring (T, cDNA or uRNA)

ATP: Structure=adenine (purine base) + ribose (5c sugar) + 3 phosphates (high energy bonds) Function is energy currency

Steroid hormones have no membrane receptors - only nuclear membrane Steroids pass easiily through membranes and effect whole body

Brain takes 1/5 of the blood supply, 15% of glucose @ any time

10/7
[|http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu] prototypical cell

insulin levels take 20-40 minutes top produce necessary proteins the motor output is protein synthesis for wanting something sweet

myoglobin-=alternative to hemoglobin that exists in muscular tissue

10/14
Albumin - most common protein found in plasma, synthesized by the liver Capillary is the site of ALL nutrient or waste transfer - all endothelial tissue endothelial level=flat, 1 cell thick squamous epithelial Almost 100% of cells surface of red blood cell touches capillary walls for more oxygenation Inflammatory action constricts capillary sphincters = very energetically (chemically) expensive.

NA/K pump=membrane protein

3 cell types- labile-divide frequently: connective tissue, epithelial stable-divide only under duress permanent-never undergo mitosis:neurons and skeletal

"S Phase" of division (replication of DNA) is completely separate from mitosis - enters prophase w/ 46 pairs that split in half mitosis causes the arrest of all other cell functions mitosis always takes 1 hour regardless of cell type interphase ends when the centrides divide and dissolves the nuclear envelope telophase=cytokinesis

fastest growing tissues=1 in 100 at any given time, slowest cancer cells duplicate @ 1 in 100

10/21
inner membranes of the small intestine are broken down and replaced every 4 days lung/kidney energetic connection in western model bladder holds 400-800 ml Carotin hardens skin cells and make it waterproof plasma cells always secrete immunoglobins in mucous mucous is packed w/ proteins, sugars, ect = kidney/spittle connection vitamin C produces collagen that keeps skin/teeth together, hence scurvy

acne=bacteria feeding in sebaceous glands which undergo holocrine whiteheads=sebum that's sterile but held in the dermis

all bones begin as cartilage bones set solid (joints formed) ~ age 12 - before that joints physically separate and are not in place

most common protein in the body=COLLAGEN eye=external portion of the brain, fat pad behind the eyeball

11/4
Acidic pH promotes osteoclastsharrd boiled/poached eggs are much better than fried, scambled ok lecithin levels even out cholesterol OJ w/ calcium & vitamin D has a better uptake than in milk eurythrocytes- red blood cells, homogeneous, anucleate, 2 million made/second. leukocytes- white blood cells, nonhomogeneous

takes 15-20 years to repair 5 years of smoking chondrin-more dense than collagen, less dense than bone creditcard taped at three sides to act as a valve in case of collapsing lung

Continuum of matrices: bone (inside/deepest), periosteum (cartilage), cartilage, perichondrium (dense, regular), Tendon/ligament,Perinysium, endonysium, surrounds every cell

SOMA (pharmaceutical) - can render a person neuroleptic Arnica- suppliment and topical good for sprains Brain eating can cause Kuro (dementia) all cerebral activity occurs on surface of the brain - everything deep to that are axons making connections.