Chronic+Renal+Failure

//Western Diagnosis:// insufficiency of renal regulatory and excretory function

Etiology
1. any cause of renal dysfunction ---hypovolemia, cardiac failure, liver failure, sepsis, malignant hypertension, bacterial infections, drug reactions, metabolic disorders, bladder outlet obstruction, glomerulonephritis, SLE

Signs & Symptoms
1. asx with mildly dec renal reserve 2. nocturia 3. uremia: a. retention of nitrogenous wastes: azotemia is more general term b. malaise, fatigue, dec mental acuity c. muscular twitches and cramps, peripheral neuropathies, convulsions d. anorexia, N, V, stomatitis, bad taste in mouth e. malnutrition f. hypertension from hypervolemia, CHF, pericarditis g. pruritis, yellow-brown skin discoloration

Laboratory
1. inc creatinine, BUN 2. anemia 3. hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia 4. UA - casts

Treatment
1. find underlying cause 2. dec dietary protein 3. vitamins 4. Ca supplementation - allows the final conversion of vitamin D 5. dialysis